Coating system and process

ABSTRACT

A coating system for coating a part ( 10 ), such as a turbine blade or vane, has a mask ( 14 ) positioned adjacent to a first portion ( 16 ) of the part ( 10 ) to be coated and a mechanism ( 30 ) for moving the mask ( 14 ) relative to the part ( 10 ). The mechanism ( 30 ) may be a gear mechanism or a magnetic mechanism.

BACKGROUND

The present disclosure relates to a coating system for coating a part,such as a turbine engine component, and to a process for coating thepart.

During EB-PVD ceramic coating, gas turbine blades and vanes are placedinto fixture cans to protect under platform surfaces from being coated.The fixture cans are moved spatially and rotated through the vapor cloudof coating material to deposit coating thicknesses on airfoil andplatform surfaces. Tumblers and rake arms are commonly used to providethese motions.

In the tumbler approach, the longitudinal axis of the airfoil ismaintained at a roughly constant angle relative to the vertical axis ofthe coater. The part rotates about its longitudinal axis and thelongitudinal axis is translated around a circular path. Translationoccurs at a rate of 1 to 30 RPM, and the rotation around thelongitudinal axis occurs 4-10× slower.

In the rake approach, the longitudinal axis of the airfoil is swept overa range of angles relative to the vertical axis of the coater. The rangeof angles of the sweep is centered on the horizontal axis of the coater.The range of tilts is typically between −30 degrees and +30 degrees, butdifferent tilting schemes are used for different parts. For example,vane tilting is often different from blade tilting. Independent of thetilting program, the part is rotated around its longitudinal axis at 10to 40 RPM. The rotation rate of the airfoil in the tumbler approach is 5to 10× slower than in the rake approach.

FIG. 1 illustrates a cross section of an unmasked part. EB-PVD is a lineof sight process. The thickness and microstructure of the ceramiccoating varies on different part surfaces due to the part geometry. Theamount and average incidence angle of vapor arriving onto the part overa full period of manipulation varies for different part surfaces. Thezones labeled in FIG. 1 roughly demarcate areas over which thickness andmicrostructure are roughly constant. However, transitions from zone tozone are relatively smooth, not abrupt. The abruptness of the transitionis a function of the change in the radius of curvature of the surface.

It should be noted that the foregoing discussion is only valid at themidspan location of the blade, since as you move along the surfacetoward the platform, the platform begins to mask the vapor flux as well.Larger platforms, such as on vanes, results in more masking. The abovediscussion also ignores any features on the part fixtures or partmanipulators that may get interposed between the part and the vaporsource during the part manipulation during coating.

Zone 1 of the part receives high vapor flux, since no surface of thepart gets interposed between the vapor source and this area during partmanipulation. This area also gets closer to the vapor source relative tozone 2. Vapor incidence angle distribution is predominantly symmetricaland centered on the surface normal. This results in high thickness andoptimal microstructure.

Zone 2 of the part receives high vapor flux, since no surface of thepart gets interposed between the vapor source and this area during partmanipulation. Vapor incidence angle distribution is predominantlysymmetrical and centered on the surface normal. This results in highthickness and optimal microstructure, but less thickness than Zone 1because Zone 1 gets closer to the vapor source.

Zone 3 of the part is very similar to Zone 1, but smaller radius ofcurvature reduces thickness slightly, relative to Zone 1. This zone alsogets close to the vapor source. Vapor incidence angle distribution ispredominantly symmetrical and centered on the surface normal. A smallerconvex radius of curvature enhances the microstructure by increasingcolumn diameter and the width of gaps between columns, which enhancesstrain tolerance.

Zone 4 of the part is very similar to Zone 3, but smaller radius ofcurvature reduces thickness slightly, relative to Zone 3. This zone alsogets close to the vapor source. Vapor incidence angle distribution ispredominantly symmetrical and centered on the surface normal. Stillsmaller convex radius of curvature further enhances the microstructureby increasing column diameter and the width of gaps between columnswhich enhances strain tolerance.

The significant difference between zone 5 and zone 4 is that thetrailing edge of the part gets interposed between the vapor source andthis surface over a portion of every part manipulation period. Vaporincidence angle distribution is not symmetrical though still centered onsurface normal. This results in less thickness and a slight tilt to thegrowth angle of the ceramic columns relative to the surface normal.Columns grow slightly tilted away from the trailing edge since lessvapor comes from that direction.

The significant differences between zone 6 and zone 4 is that both theleading edge and the trailing edge of the part gets interposed betweenthe vapor source and this surface over a portion of every partmanipulation period, and the surface curvature is concave, not convex.Vapor incidence angle distribution is less broad, though still centeredon surface normal. The total vapor flux per part manipulation period isreduced for the same reason. Thus, this zone typically is the thinneston the part. Since the change in surface curvature is more abrupt towardthe leading edge than the trailing edge, the vapor incidence angledistribution is not symmetrical. Columns grow significantly tilted awayfrom the leading edge, since less vapor comes from that direction thanfrom the leading edge. The narrowing of the vapor incidence angle andthe concave radius of curvature results in smaller column diameters andnarrower gaps between columns. As a result, this zone has the loweststrain tolerance on the part.

Zone 7 is similar to zone 6, but lower concave radius of curvature andmore distance from the results in less of an effect on the thickness andon the microstructure. Columns grow slightly tilted away from thetrailing edge, since the trailing edge is closer than the leading edge,so the effect of trailing edge shadowing is greater, less vapor arrivesfrom that direction.

As can be seen from the foregoing discussion, although the coatingprocess is line of sight from the ingot source to the part, the airfoilgeometry affects more coating on the leading and trailing edges of thepart because of arc angle exposure time. To improve the thickness ratiosbetween other airfoil surfaces and the edges, the edges are commonlymasked with various forms of shadow bars or shields used to collect someof the coating.

Referring now to FIG. 2, there is shown a cross section of a partperpendicular to the longitudinal axis of the airfoil and with a maskedleading edge. In zone 1, there is a minor change to the unmasked partsince the presence of the leading edge mask casts a bigger shadow on thezone during some portion of the period of part manipulation, such thatthe coating would be slightly thinner with slightly smaller columndiameters, and slightly smaller column boundary widths.

In Zone 2, there is a very small change relative to the unmasked part.

In Zone 3a, there is a small change relative to the unmasked part. Thepresence of the leading edge mask casts a bigger shadow on this zoneduring some portion of the period of part manipulation, such that thecoating would be slightly thinner with slightly smaller columndiameters, and slightly smaller columns.

In Zone 3b, there is a significant change in thickness andmicrostructure relative to the unmasked mart. The presence of the maskreduces coating thickness, reduces column diameters and narrows columnboundary widths. Also the direction of columnar growth tilts away fromthe leading edge mask, due to reduced vapor coming from the direction ofthe leading edge mask.

In Zone 4a, there is a significant change in thickness andmicrostructure relative to the unmasked part. Columns are tilted thesame direction as in Zone 3b, but are tilted at a larger angle relativeto surface normal, since vapor is only coming from the gap between themask and the part. The severe angles of columnar growth dramaticallyreduce erosion resistance, and spallation resistance, but to a lessereffect for the latter.

In Zones 4b and 4c are very similar, except the columns in Zone 4c tiltin the other direction.

Zone 4d is very similar to Zone 4a, but the columns tilt in the otherdirection.

The difference between Zone 5a on the masked part to Zone 5 on theunmasked part is a further narrowing of the vapor incidence angledistribution due to the presence of the mask that reduces coatingthickness, column diameters and column boundary widths. Columnar growthis also tilted further toward the trailing edge since there is even lessflux coming from the direction of the leading edge. This reduces thevariability of the coating in this zone.

Zone 5b has a similar effect as in Zone 5a, but to a lesser degree.There is much less effect on degree of tilt on columnar growth than inZone 5a.

Zone 6 has a very small change relative to the unmasked part.

Zone 7 has a minor change relative to the unmasked part. The presence ofthe leading edge mask casts a bigger shadow on this zone during someportion of the period of part manipulation, such that the coating wouldbe slightly thinner with slightly smaller column diameters, and slightlysmaller column boundary widths.

Sometimes trailing edge masks are used in lieu of the leading edgemasks. The same effects would apply—significant thickness andmicrostructure changes close to the mask, and lesser effects furtheraway.

Since these masks are attached to the fixture cans and are stationaryrelative to the airfoil, the coating below the masks may have a columnarstructure that is off vertical, dependent on the size of the mask andits distance from the airfoil surface. Columnar coating structure thatis off vertical quickly loses its fracture toughness, going to aboutzero at 45 degrees.

SUMMARY

The present disclosure involves a cyclic movement of a mask or shadowbar away from an area being masked or shadowed. This movement can be indistance as slight as the width of the mask, up to movement thatencircles the part completely, the part and the mask rotating atdifferent speeds. The mask's dimensions, its distance from the part, andits distance of movement can be engineered on a part geometry specificbasis to effect requisite coating thickness ratios.

In accordance with the present disclosure, there is provided a coatingsystem which broadly comprises a mask positioned adjacent to a firstportion of a part (10) to be coated; and means for moving the maskrelative to the part.

In a further embodiment, the first portion may be a leading edge of anairfoil portion of the part and the moving means may comprise means formoving the mask from a position adjacent the leading edge to a positionadjacent a suction side of the airfoil portion.

In a further embodiment, the moving means may comprise a gear mechanism.

In a further embodiment, the moving means may comprise a magneticsystem.

In a further embodiment, the mask may be indexable.

In a further embodiment, the mask may be cyclically moved from the firstportion of the part.

In a further embodiment, the mask may be moved away from the firstportion a distance as slight as a width of the mask.

In a further embodiment, the mask and the part may be rotated atdifferent speeds.

In a further embodiment, the mask may be moved from the positionadjacent to the leading edge to the position adjacent the suction sideof the airfoil portion between 5 to 20 rotations of the part about alongitudinal axis thereof.

Further, in accordance with the present invention, there is provided acoating process which broadly comprises the steps of: positioning a partwithin a coating chamber; positioning a mask adjacent to a first portionof the part; creating a coating vapor within the coating chamber; andperiodically moving the mask relative to the first portion of the partduring the coating process.

In a further embodiment, the first portion may comprise a leading edgeof an airfoil portion of the part and the step of periodically movingthe mask may comprise moving the mask from a position adjacent theleading edge to a position adjacent a suction side of the airfoilportion.

In a further embodiment, the moving step may comprise moving the maskaway from the leading edge a distance as slight as a width of the mask.

In a further embodiment, the coating process may further compriseproviding a gear mechanism for moving the mask.

In a further embodiment, the coating process may further compriseproviding a magnetic system for moving the mask.

In a further embodiment, the coating process may further compriserotating the mask and the part at different speeds.

In a further embodiment, the mask moving step may comprise moving themask every 5 to 20 rotations of the part about a longitudinal axis ofthe part.

Other details of the coating system and process are set forth in thefollowing detailed description and the accompanying drawings whereinlike reference numbers depict like elements.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 is a cross sectional view of an unmasked part showing a crosssection perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of the airfoil;

FIG. 2 is a cross sectional of a part with a masked leading edge showinga cross section perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of the airfoil;and

FIG. 3 is a cross sectional view of a part with an indexable mask withthe cross section being perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of theairfoil.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

Referring now to FIG. 3, there is shown an airfoil portion 12 of a part10 such as a turbine blade or vane. FIG. 3 shows a cross sectionperpendicular to the longitudinal axis of the airfoil portion 12. Theairfoil portion 12 has a leading edge 16 and a trailing edge 18. Theairfoil portion 12 also has a pressure side 20 and a suction side 22.

An indexable mask 14 is positioned adjacent the leading edge 16 of theairfoil portion 12. The indexable mask 14 may be moved as slight as awidth of the mask 14. As can be seen, the mask 14 may be movable from aposition I adjacent the leasing edge 16 to a position II adjacent thesuction side 22 of the airfoil portion.

The mask may be moved by a gear mechanism (30) similar to that whichmoves the seconds, minutes and hours hand on a clock at different rates.In such a gear mechanism (30), one of the gears would have to be counterrotationable to be able to move the mask 14 back and forth.

In an alternative arrangement, the gear mechanism (30) may be a magneticsystem.

In operation, the mask 14 may be moved quickly from position I toposition II and vice versa. For example, the mask 14 may be moved fromposition I to position II every 5 to 20 rotations of the part 10 aboutits longitudinal axis 19.

Zones 2 and 3 of the part would be dramatically affected by the mask 14as the mask 14 indexes over them. There would be a moderate effect onZone 1. Since the thickness is highest and microstructure is best inzones 2 and 3, any reduction in coating quality would be acceptable. Theremaining zones would have thickness and microstructure intermediate tothe unmasked and the stationary masked part.

On a very fine microstructure scale (tens of microns), the columns inzones 4 and 5 would have a wave structure as the columnar growth wouldvary from tilted to vertical as the mask 14 indexes.

An improvement afforded by this coating system is that since EB-PVDparts are heated and kept hot by radiation, the indexing mask 14 wouldhelp to increase the steady state temperature of the leading edge areathat was under the stationary mask, while decreasing substratetemperature on the suction side 22.

The part 10 may be coated by positioning the part 10 within a coatingchamber (not shown). The mask 14 may then be positioned adjacent to afirst portion, such as leading edge 16, of the part 10. Thereafter, acoating vapor may be created within the coating chamber using a processsuch as EB-PVD. The mask 14 may then be periodically moved relative tothe first portion of the part 10 during the coating process in thepresence of the coating vapor.

The mask 14 may be moved away from the first portion a distance asslight as the width of the mask 14.

During the coating operation, the mask 14 and the part 10 may be rotatedat different speeds.

As noted above, the mask 14 may be moved from a first position (I)adjacent a leading edge 16 of the part 10 to a second position (II)adjacent the suction side 22 of the airfoil portion 12 between, orevery, 5 to 20 rotations of the part 10 about its longitudinal axis 19.

The benefits of the coating system and process described herein furtherinclude vertical columnar coating microstructure deposited due to theperiodic movement of the mask away from the area being shadowed. Thisallows direct line of sight coating for part of the coating cycle.

There has been provided by the instant disclosure a coating system andprocess. While the coating system and process have been described in thecontext of at least one specific embodiment thereof, other unforeseenalternatives, modifications, and variations will become apparent tothose skilled in the art having read the foregoing description.Accordingly, it is intended to embrace those alternatives,modifications, and variations as fall within the broad scope of theappended claims.

What is claimed is:
 1. A coating system comprising: a mask (14)positioned adjacent to a first portion (16) of a part (10) to be coated;and means (30) for moving said mask relative to the part.
 2. The coatingsystem of claim 1, wherein said first portion (16) is a leading edge ofan airfoil portion (12) of said part (10) and said moving means (30)comprises means for moving said mask (14) from a position (I) adjacentsaid leading edge (16) to a position (II) adjacent a suction side (22)of said airfoil portion (12).
 3. The coating system of claim 1, whereinsaid moving means (30) comprises a gear mechanism.
 4. The coating systemof claim 1, wherein said moving means (30) comprises a magnetic system.5. The coating system of claim 1, wherein said mask (14) is indexable.6. The coating system of claim 1, wherein said mask (14) is cyclicallymoved from said first portion (16) of said part.
 7. The coating systemof claim 1, wherein said mask (14) is moved away from said first portion(16) a distance as slight as a width of said mask (14).
 8. The coatingsystem of claim 1, wherein said mask (14) and said part (10) rotate atdifferent speeds.
 9. The coating system of claim 2, wherein said mask(14) is moved from said position (I) adjacent to said leading edge (16)to said position (II) adjacent said suction side (22) of said airfoilportion (12) between 5 to 20 rotations of the part (10) about alongitudinal axis (19) thereof.
 10. A coating process comprising thesteps of: positioning a part (10) within a coating chamber; positioninga mask (14) adjacent to a first portion (16) of said part (10); creatinga coating vapor within said coating chamber; and periodically movingsaid mask (14) relative to said first portion (16) of said part (10)during the coating process.
 11. The coating process of claim 10, whereinsaid first portion (16) comprises a leading edge of an airfoil portion(12) of said part (10) and said step of periodically moving said mask(14) comprises moving said mask (14) from a position (I) adjacent saidleading edge (16) to a position (II) adjacent a suction side (22) ofsaid airfoil portion (12).
 12. The coating process of claim 11, whereinsaid moving step comprises moving said mask (14) away from said leadingedge (16) a distance as slight as a width of said mask (14).
 13. Thecoating process of claim 10, further comprising providing a gearmechanism (30) for moving said mask (14).
 14. The coating process ofclaim 10, further comprising providing a magnetic system (30) for movingsaid mask (14).
 15. The coating process of claim 10, further comprisingrotating said mask (14) and said part (10) at different speeds.
 16. Thecoating process of claim 10, wherein said mask moving step comprisesmoving said mask (14) every 5 to 20 rotations of the part (10) about alongitudinal axis (19) of the part (10).